VOICES RISING
YEAR III - VOL 3. Nº123
February 25, 2005
CONTENT
.- BEIJING + 10
.- STATEMENT ON THE FAMILY
.- WSF 2005 - Proposals Pannel
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.- BEIJING + 10
WIDE
Globalising gender equality and social justice
WIDE- Network Women In Development Europe, Rue de la Science 10 - 1000 Brussels Belgium Phone: +32-2-545.90.70 - Fax: +32-2-512.73.42 - info@wide-network.org
WIDE STATEMENT TO THE 49TH SESSION OF THE COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN,
New York, 28 February to 11 March 2005
The 10 year review of the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) at the 49th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is a critical opportunity to reaffirm the global womens agenda for womens human rights, gender equality and empowerment for women. The member states of the UN must use this opportunity to reaffirm their unequivocal commitment to the accelerated implementation of the entire Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Outcomes Document of the 23rd UN General Assembly Special Session (Beijing+5), and to ensure that the appropriate resources are made available for the continued implementation of BPfA and the realisation of gender equality and womens human rights as enshrined in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
GLOBALISATION AND THE BPfA
The BPfA was drafted and adopted by governments, but thousands of women activists worldwide have contributed to all the phases of developing, drafting, monitoring and implementing the Platform for Action. WIDE, working in collaboration with other womens movements around the world, has helped to shape the BPfA and its implementation. We have a particular concern about the many ways in which neo-liberalism, including the promotion of a free trade regime, economic globalisation and market liberalisation has led to deep inequalities. It has led to the feminisation of employment, intensified exploitation of women's unpaid work in the caring economy and has undermined the livelihood strategies of poor rural and urban women, including migrant women, disabled and displaced women in all areas of the world.
The increasing impact of such policies on the lives and livelihoods of women is compounded in countries of the South by the structural inequalities between North and South. If policies are assumed to be gender neutral, they can reproduce or even worsen inequality. WIDE, in alliance with other womens groups working on trade, macro economic, gender and globalisation, calls on Governments to recognise that gender aware macro economic policy, including the application of a gender analysis of trade and its impact on women globally are essential if economic development partnerships are to be made real and effective. WIDE asks for far greater economic coherence among states, non-state actors and multilateral institutions in relation to development cooperation and financial, monetary and trade policies, so that the systemic inequities and power imbalances within the global economic system are addressed.
Structural, economic and institutional inequalities are exacerbated by the increase in conservative forces in Europe and all areas of the world, with the rise of religious fundamentalisms as well as a diversion of resources away from the fight against poverty to the war on terror. This has led to increased poverty combined with a backlash against womens rights and a weakening of many of the gains won in the 1990s UN conferences.
WIDE
Globalising gender equality and social justice
WIDE- Network Women In Development Europe,
Rue de la Science 10 - 1000 Brussels - Belgium
Phone: +32-2-545.90.70 - Fax: +32-2-512.73.42 - info@wide-network.org
BEIJING+10 AND THE MILLENNIUM SUMMIT
The 49th CSW is a strategic moment to push for the BPfA to be more visibly linked to the current UN Agenda based on the 2000 Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which are due for review in September 2005. WIDE expresses serious concern that the MDG process now dominating the UN System is undermining the BPfA. Unlike the BPfA which takes into account deep inequalities within and across countries, the MDGs ignore the structural nature of poverty as well as the structural nature of gender inequality. There is a central contradiction within the MDG process that asks governments to invest in pro-poor policies while at the same time employing neo-liberal economic policies that only serve to increase the impoverishment of marginalized women and men.
WIDE therefore calls for a far more democratic and gender aware MDG process, one that is accountable to the global womens movement, and which makes gender equality, womens human rights and womens empowerment central to the achievement of the MDGs. It is critical that Governments ensure that the MDGs draw on the Beijing PfA as integral to all MDG goals.
GROWING INEQUALITIES WITHIN EUROPE
As an organisation of women living in Europe, WIDE is particularly concerned with the growing inequalities associated with neo-liberal globalisation and exploitation connected with a rise in both legal and illegal forms of migration, with the latter, in particular, associated with highly insecure and exploitative forms of work. WIDE expresses concern about the human rights of all migrants, and particularly the specific abuses of human rights to which women migrants are vulnerable in the context of the growth of the non-formal economy in Europe, the increase in illegal migration, trafficking of women and children and the growing fragmentation of 'old' and 'new' Europe. The European Union enlargement in 2004 caused new and largely artificial political dividing lines across the continent, between those within the EU and those outside. WIDE believes that it is critical to build a common agenda for gender equality among women in the whole European region in order to prevent a new East- West divide.
BEIJING+10 AND CAIRO+10
From a holistic human rights approach to development built by the UN conferences of the 1990s, WIDE considers womens economic rights intrinsically linked to their sexual and reproductive rights. WIDE therefore joins other womens movements and health activists in expressing strong concern that sexual and reproductive health and rights for all women (as agreed to in the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo 1994) is reinstated in the MDG agenda, including building womens capacity to act in response to the increasing numbers of poor women living with HIV/AIDS. WIDE welcomes the recommendations of the Millennium Project Task Force Three and Four and calls on European Governments in particular to take a strong stand on this issue.
WIDE
Globalising gender equality and social justice
WIDE- Network Women In Development Europe,
Rue de la Science 10 - 1000 Brussels - Belgium
Phone: +32-2-545.90.70 - Fax: +32-2-512.73.42 - info@wide-network.org
It is an increasingly challenging climate for women, particularly those from socially excluded groups, transition countries and conflict-affected areas. WIDE calls on womens rights groups across the world to protect the gains made by Beijing and calls on Governments, particularly European governments, to reaffirm those gains, not only in the 10 year review process, but also in the future, through appropriate resources to put the BPfA into action. WIDE will be working throughout the CSW to mobilize political will and resources more effectively for the global womens agenda in official delegations, at side events, interactive panels, caucuses and through the Global Week of Action for Womens Rights from March 1-8 which WIDE promotes and endorses.
WIDE CALLS FOR:
The unequivocal reaffirmation of the entire Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Outcomes Document of the 23rd UNGASS (Beijing+5), with the allocation of new resources and the commitment to the full implementation and relevance of BPfA in itself and as a precondition for achieving the MDGs
The continued analysis of the critical linkages between trade, development, poverty and gender as essential to address the systemic inequities and power imbalances within the global economic system
The integration of sexual health and reproductive rights into the MDG agenda
CSW participants and press are invited to contact representatives of the WIDE Delegation:
Wendy Harcourt, Chairperson of WIDE, (1-9 March), wendyh@sidint.org
Brita Neuhold, WIDE Austria, (25 February - 5 March), brita.neuhold@utanet.at
Contact at WIDE Secretariat in Brussels: barbara@wide-network.org
Visit the WIDE website: www.wide-network.org
Celebrating its 20th anniversary in 2005 WIDE is a European womens network whose main activities are lobbying, advocacy and awareness raising; networking and capacity building on global trade agenda, macro-economic policy, gender and development policy and womens human rights.
María Suárez Toro,
FIRE/Women’s Media Pool
The web-page of the Women’s Media Pool (WMP) is a virtual conglomerate of women’s media, comprised of 31 networks or organizations that have come together to pool their different initiatives in order to disseminate - by all means and throughout the world - the proceedings of Beijing + 10.
The WMP will work between February 28 and March 11 during the 49th Session in New York, of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW), which will assess the 10 year implementation of the Platform for Action of the IV World Conference on Women in Beijing,
The web-page has become an electronic resource to articulate and strengthen information gathering and its distribution through community and commercial radio, internet radio, television, written and electronic newspapers and multimedia dialogues among women in N.Y. and those back home that want to follow the process. The WMP will produce information in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese, from and to all continents of the globe.
Women journalists and communicators in the pool will be there in every room in the United Nations building, gathering the ignored voices of women that are not heard in a balanced way in conventional media, according to updated UNESCO Reports.
Coordinated by the International Women’s Tribune Center (IWTC), they will also organize their own effort to lobby for the evaluation of Section “J” of the Platform about women and the media.
They will also cover the campaigns that women will launch in the streets and in media on the 8th of March, International Women’s Day, such as the World March of Women’s launching of the Women’s Charter for Humanity and Code Pink’s marches and manifestations “against the sexist and militaristic policy of the Bush Administration.”
Journalists and media practitioners will also disseminate information about the launching of the Campaign for the Eradication of Poverty by the Association Women and Development (AWID) and REPEM, and “Beijing and Beyond”, an accountability Campaign by The Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) and other networks.
The Women’s Network of the World Association of Community Radios (AMARC) will do a 24 hour global broadcast together with the World March of Women, also on March 8. That day, FIRE will webcast an 8 hour program that will take place in different parts of the world, also linking its program with AMARC´s
Utilizing interactivity in real time in the Internet, the African Gender and Media (GEM) will hold daily “cyberdialogues” that will link women in New York with women back in their countries. FIRE will join the cyberdialogues by webcasting them in its Internet radio station.
Digitallfuture and GEM/Gender Links will also produce newspapers in electronic and paper format.
The APC women have organized a series of panel presentations about women and media, especially ICTs, that are relevant not only to the Beijing + 10, but also to the upcoming World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to take place in Tunis this year.
The Women’s Media Pool will also showcase the evolution of women’s media in the last decade since the IV Women’s Conference in Beijing, that is, women’s media that have been born in this after that date, like CIMAC´s women’s press agency, FIRE´s internet radio station, specialized electronic networks like WRHnet and “En la Mira” by ISIS International in Chile, and women’s newspapers such as Digitallfuture and GEM´s.
Also included in the rebirth are women’s monitoring groups such as Asia Pacifica Women’s Watch, a suitcase radio such as FEMLINK in the Fiji Islands and women’s electronic magazines like “Women” in
It is also a pool that will also showcase how women’s activist organizations and networks have embraced the Internet and electronic communications to transcend strict specialization in media, assuming their own information and communication work as their exercise of the human right to communicate consecrated in the international human rights framework. Many organizations and networks in the pool no not do media as such, but will distribute the Pool’s productions and will help position them in media in their countries.
So far the pool has achieved the following: joined language groups, linked regions in media activities, provided sharing of infrastructure for the media work, identified common objectives of the pool, created a virtual information pool, distributed information about women’s media initiatives at Beijing + 10, created a web page of the pool, raised awareness about section “J” of the Platform for Action about Women and Media, joined women journalists and communicators in their countries with women at the United Nations who are participating in the process, and raised awareness in the U.N. Department of Public Information about the Women’s Media Pool.
Every day during the CSW Beijing + 10 proceedings, the international audience will find in www.womensmediapool.org the tittles of every press release, report and feature produced by the Pool’s participants, with a link the web pages where they will be able to read, hear or see the full reports.
For more information you can write to femmediapool@yahoo.com
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WHERE IS WOMEN´S “J” SPOT?
María Suárez Toro, FIRE/Women´s Media Pool
As the international community prepares to join the United Nation’s 49th Session of the Commission on the Status on Women (CSW), women media practitioners are asking: where is women’s “J” spot?
Commonly known as “Beijing +10,” the role of the official UN session is to evaluate what governments have done to implement the Platform for Action (PFA) of the Fourth World Conference on Women 10 years ago in Beijing,
Despite the fact that the PFA contemplates Section “J” in Chapter 3, about Women and Media, the issue is hardly found in the provisional agenda for the evaluation process. The U.N. Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) has also ignored “Women and media” in its web page discussion topics towards the process.
The European Women´s Lobby document for Beijing + 10 recognizes that “women in the media is one of the objectives that is most neglected by the European Union.” The same assessment is true of most NGOs in the regions.
Yet Section “J”, adopted for the first time in a UN Conference 10 years ago, is even more critical today than it was 10 years ago, especially when considering the advancement of women and their rights in general, which is the bottom line concern in the Platform for Action.
As African activist and communicator, Lynne Muthoni Wanyeki told “Women in Action”, 2004: “The need for a timely strategy to enhance women’s development, equality and human rights is critical…because information plays an important role in building on the successes and failures of women seeking to involve ourselves in the development and peace processes across the world.”
Two parallel trends have coexisted globally in the issue of women and media. One is the growing
presence of women in the media and the emergence of a global movement of women in the media and communications that has mushroomed in the international arena. Women users of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) have doubled in the decade according to Internet statistics. Also greatly expanding are the numbers of women in community radio and media, as well as other forms of media, be it magazines, newspapers, commercial radio and electronic news.
UNESCO's Secretary General Koichiro stated in 2004 that women make up more than a third of the world's journalists. “However, despite their increasing presence in all media, women are still a long way from achieving equality with men in the newsroom.”
One example of this problem is evident in one of the countries in the world, the
Since the IV World Conference on Women in Beijing 1995, women have also joined hands and pens, microphones and computers, voices and ears, to form and expand networks and media monitoring bodies at every international forum where the issue is discussed and policies adopted, in order to influence those agendas. Such is the case of the Women Action initiative in 2000 at the Beijing + 5 evaluation, the Gender Caucus at the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in 2003 and the Women’s Media Pool towards Beijing + 10 in 2005, among others.
Mavic Cabrera, an Asian Pacific activist and media practitioner noted that “across the world, media monitoring initiatives abound. Efforts around media literacy education or capacity building to empower people to be critical thinkers and creative producers of non-profit media are likewise increasing. Communities and non-government organizations are producing their own magazines, news and video projects. Some are setting up their own TV and radio stations. Media reform groups are being formed to expose and oppose commercialization of the media, protect public broadcasting, and promote community and independent media initiatives” (ISIS, Women in Action, 2004).
The other coexisting trend is the growing concentration of media in the hands of less than 10 corporations. For example, in 2001 the Time Warner-AOL merger brought, under one single owner, many of the media and entertainment corporations, electronic networks, etc. “Homogenization that comes with concentration has never been favorable to women,” says Latin American communicator, Katerina Anfossi who adds that “women are about diversity.”
This decade has also seen the commercialization of information to its outmost. Ignacio Ramonet, European journalist, shows in his 2004 speech, “Media and Globalization,” how “the advent of the Internet and electronic communications is what has allowed globalization to take place, because these technologies do not transport only messages any longer, but they transport merchandise.”
Today, the cyberspace superhighway has also become a global shopping center, and in this dynamic, women have become a type of merchandise to be bought and sold. The Bangkok Communiqué of the U.N. Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific, which serves as the Asian Pacific contribution to the Beijing +10 review process states that there is “…a persisting portrayal of women and girls as sexual objects and commodities in media and ICTs” (UNESCAP, September 20, 2004).
In addition, mainstream media in the Internet has reproduced the stereotyping of women that has taken place in conventional media. For a single massive example, photos of the tragedy of the recent tsunami in the Indian Ocean show that day after day of coverage, women appeared in Microsoft’s portal online as the “tear bearers”, rather than the active agents or social workers who turned their pain into action, when other aid was nowhere to be seen. These same distorted images of women were true in most of the traditional mainstream media reporting.
One issue that is strong in the agenda of the 49th Session known as “Beijing + 10” is the negative impact of globalization on women. Common sense would tell anyone - U.N. and governments included - that in order to tackle globalization’s negative trends, they would have to tackle media!
The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Commission’s Consensus Declaration towards Beijing + 10 calls to “… promote access of all women to all information and communications technologies towards the eradication of poverty and the promotion of development”. (Section xvi, ECLAC, June 2004).
In today’s globalized world, media and information and communications technologies play a defining role in shaping agendas. Furthermore, they are a big part of the agenda. To be in media is to have a place in the world; therefore, to leave media out, really implies to “be out of it”!
One good way to be relevant is to contribute to place media in the hands of women themselves - decision-making included - and supporting women’s media and ICTs, especially community media efforts in counteracting those trends.
Until this happens, words will have little meaning towards the advancement of women, no matter how many commitments are made to other sections of the agenda, such as violence against women, health, political participation, poverty, etc..
For more information go to www.womensmediapool.org
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.- STATEMENT ON THE FAMILY
We, the undersigned NGOs working on issues affecting women, have come together for the 49th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women to review the Beijing Platform for Action (BPFA), to reaffirm our support for the family as a unit which has both a socio-economic and political dimension.
As an institution, the family is a powerful force which shapes and reinforces the gendered socialization and personal development of each individual, and thus has the potential for creating both negative as well as positive aspects. For women in particular, family can be the locus of guilt, shame, fear, oppression, violence, conformity, patriarchy, control, abuse, hate, hurt and inequality. The well-being of each family member, regardless of their status, age, beliefs or choices in life, must be ensured through appropriate support services.
The BPFA recognises the existence of diverse forms of families. This diversity includes grandparents, brothers, sisters, guardians, informal adopted relations, same sex unions, as well as units that exist within different cultural legal, political and social systems.
More and more children are growing outside of the family structure, including, children orphaned by HIV/AIDS, children displaced due to conflict/post conflict situations, and children orphaned or abandoned as a result of natural disasters such as the recent tsunami tragedy which affected so many countries in the Asia-Pacific region. We therefore urge governments to enact legislation to support all kinds of families and ensure their non-discrimination and promote and encourage gender equality within the family institution.
Too often, women’s human rights, personal liberty and fundamental freedoms are denied in the name of preserving the nuclear family, culture, religion or tradition. Paragraph 96 of the BPFA states that maternity, motherhood and parenting and the role of women in procreation must not be the basis for discrimination nor restriction of the full participation of women in society.
The equal rights of women in marriages or unions must be adequately addressed in order for families to be strengthened, including the right for women to terminate marriage. Failure to address patriarchal attitudes and practices that are oppressive, and therefore facilitate violence, perpetuate unsafe family environments.
Non-progressive notions of gender-based division of parental and domestic functions and participation in the paid labor force exacerbate the current realities of income differentials between men and women, and do not reflect the aspirations of women in general.
We recognize also the extraordinary strain that globalisation, forced shifts of populations caused by conflict and post conflict situations, poverty and natural disasters have placed on families in general. Tremendous suffering, alienation and dislocation take place in situations of armed conflict, which is a reality in many parts of the world, including
Health sector reforms, especially driven by the neo-liberal agenda of the World Bank, ADB and IMF, have resulted in reduced access and utilisation of primary healthcare services. Poorer quality of services and increased health costs have added pressure on families already burdened by economic insecurity, lack of access to safe water, proper sanitation and environmental degradation.
Governments affirmed the landmark International Conference on Population and Development declaration of 1994 which calls for gender equality in all spheres of life, including family and community life. The declaration acknowledged that men must be encouraged to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behavior and their social and family roles (ICPD POA 4.2). Men must be encouraged to take responsibility in the sharing of housework, childrearing and the consequences of men’s sexual and reproductive health behavior on women. To that end, governments must make available to individuals and couples access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information, education and services so that men and women are empowered to plan their families.
Governments must view health as a right and ensure sexual and reproductive health policies and programmes that strengthen healthy families, taking into consideration progressive values which are more in touch with the realities of people’s lives. Only then will the goal of gender equality and real choice for women be achieved.
by Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW) and Network for Asia Pacific-Youth (NAPY).
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.- WSF 2005 - Proposals Pannel
Mural de Propostas
mural@forumsocialmundial.org.br
Dear friends,
We prepare to display on the WSF website, in the beginning of March, the 352 proposals sent to the Action Proposals Billboard during WSF 2005. More than 60 proposals were sent after the Billboard presentation at the WSF end ceremony and these one will be published on the website.
If your organisation didn't write and/or send the action proposals yet, we ask to do it as soon as possible, then we can publish them on the website.
To make your proposal go to http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/download/ficha_mural.rtf , download the file, fill out the form and sent to the email propuestas@memoria-viva.org
Those who sent the proposals in paper and have a copy in file can also send it by email to propuestas@memoria-viva.org
From 21th February will be possible register proposals directly by the form on the website www.memoria-viva.org
Best whishes,
Memorial Group
World Social Forum
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.- INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AID
Nicolas Guihard
nguihard@agirici.org
Dear all,
Please find below an invitation to the international symposium on Aid hosted by Coordination SUD and the French coalition "2005 : plus d'excuses !". This symposium will take place in Paris on the 1st of March and is open to everyone. We hope that many of you will be able to join us on this occasion (if you intend to come to Paris and participate in the symposium, please send back the registration form attached to Katia Herrgott - herrgott@coordinationsud.org).
Also, in addition to the symposium, our coalition is organising a "stunt event" on the 2nd of March in order to raise awareness on the need for "more and better aid". A mass mobilisation will be taking place around the stunt. If you are in Paris and interested in joining the mobilisation, here is below the information you need:
When: March 2, 5.30 pm
Where : place du Bataillon du Pacifique, Metro station : Bercy
ALL THE PEOPLE JOINING THE GATHERING ARE ASKED TO WEAR A WHITE T-SHIRT and A WHITE BAND
Best wishes,
Nicolas Guihard
Nicolas Guihard / Chargè campagne
Agir ici 104 rue Oberkampf 75011 Paris
Tel : 01 56 98 24 40 Fax : 01 56 98 24 09
nguihard@agirici.org
Pour en svoir plus sur Agir ici www.agirici.org
Agir ici est une association citoyenne qui lutte contre les injustices mondiales en proposant des solution concrétes et durables.
Agir ici, parce que le monde ne changera pas sans vous.
International symposium “reforming aid to finance development”
March 1, 2005
From 9:45 to 16:30
Citè Universitaire internationale de Paris, Collège d’Espagne, 17, bd Jourdan, Paris 14th
This symposium, organised by Coordination SUD, jointly with the French coalition 2005: plus dexcuses! which is part of the Global call for action against poverty, will take place while two major events on ODA will be held in Paris. Indeed, from February 28th to March 2nd, the Second High-level Forum on Harmonization and Alignment for aid effectiveness will gather bilateral and multilateral Donors in order to discuss ODA orientations. On March 3rd, aid ministers and heads of aid agencies from OECD governments together with senior officials from the World Bank, the IMF and UNDP will meet in Paris on the occasion of the Development Assistance Committee High-level meeting.
A few months before the UN World Summit on Millennium Development Goals will be held in New York, NGOs consider that rich countries and multilateral institutions cannot maintain a status quo concerning an aid which is quantitatively insufficient and deeply ineffective.
Thus, they will gather on the 1st of March in order to interpellate donors on the fact that it is crucial they honour their numerous commitments as far as aid is concerned. They also will expose their own proposals in order to set of real international mechanisms for solidarity.
This symposium, which will last all day, is aimed to everybody. You will find attached the agenda. To attend the symposium, it is absolutely necessary to register (as the number of seats is limited). In order to register, you can fill in the attached form and return it, before February 28, to Katia Herrgott (herrgott@coordinationsud.org phone: +33.1.44.72.80.82).
Please do not hesitate to contact us should you require further information regarding this event.
We would appreciate if you could issue this invitation inside your networks.
Best regards,
Katia Herrgott
Chargè de mission APD
Coordination SUD
01.44.72.80.82
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.- CALL FOR PAPERS: GENDER AND THE STATE REFORM IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN.
The peer-reviewed journal Política y Gestión, hosted by the Escuela de Política y Gobierno at the Universidad Nacional de San Martín (Buenos Aires,
This issue seeks to provide a forum for studies that deal with the relationships between the first and second generation of state reforms and cultural, economic, and social situations of women. Papers on gender differences in the civil service, cultural stereotypes of bureaucracy, and women as clients of changing organizational services and structures are welcome. We also strongly encourage discussions into new terrains such as the relations between gender and the privatization of public utilities and women’s collective action and incidence on public policies concerning the transformation of the state.
Papers can be submitted in Spanish, English, or Portuguese. If accepted, the author will have to provide a Spanish version of the article.
The review panel is composed of international scholars from institutions in Latin America, Europe, and the
Attn. Ana L. Rodriguez-Gustá Guest Editor.
For further information about style and guidelines contact: revistapoliticaygestion@unsam.edu.ar
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The International Gender and Education Office (GEO) of ICAE creates
VOICES RISING
Email: voicesrising@icae.org.uy
Web: www.icae.org.uy
Tel/fax: 00 5982 401 00 06
Address: Acevedo Diaz 1600 / 1002.
11200 Montevideo,